Category: history

New York’s Bicycle Speedway, 1896

New York author Stephen Crane won fame and acclaim after publication of his novel Red Badge of Courage in 1895. The following year, McClure Magazine published Stephen Crane’s “New York’s Bicycle Speedway” on the bike riding hipsters who begrimed Manhattan.

The Western Boulevard which slants from the Columbus monument at the southwest corner of Central Park to the river has vaulted to a startling prominence and is now one of the sights of New York. This is caused by the bicycle.

It is a great thoroughfare for bicycles. On these gorgeous spring days they appear in the thousands. All mankind is a-wheel apparently and a person on nothing but legs feels like a strange animal. A mighty army of wheels streams from the brick wilderness below Central Park and speeds over the asphalt.

The bicycle crowd has completely subjugated the street. The glittering wheels dominated from end to end. The cafes and dining rooms of apartment hotels are occupied mainly by people in bicycle clothes. Even the billboards have surrendered. They advertise wheels and lamps and tires and patent saddles with all the flaming vehemence of circus art. Even when they do condescend to still advertise a patent medicine, you are sure to confront a lithograph of a young person in bloomers who is saying in large type: “Yes, George, I find that Willow rum always refreshes me after these long rides.”

It is interesting to note the way in which the blasphemous and terrible truck drivers of the lower part of the city will hunt a bicyclist. A truck-driver, of course, believes a wheelman is a pest. The average man could not feel more annoyance if nature had suddenly invented a new kind of mosquito. And so the truck driver resolves in his dreadful way to make life as troublesome and thrilling for the wheelman as he possibly can. The situation affords deep excitement for everyone concerned.

The girl in bloomers is, of course, upon her native heath when she steers her steel steed into the Boulevard. One becomes conscious of a bewildering variety of bloomers. There are some that fit and some that do not fit. There are some that were not made to fit and there are some that couldn’t fit anyhow. Of course every decent citizen concedes that women shall wear what they please and it is supposed that he covenants with himself not to grin and nudge his neighbor when anything particularly amazing passes him on the street.

This is a partial excerpt. You can read the full article and other stories in Maggie, a Girl of the Streets and Other New York Writings.

San Francisco scorcher law, 1903


Ordinance No. 899

(Approved June 26, 1903)

Regulating the use of bicycles, bicycle tandems and vehicles and machines of similar character on public streets.

San Francisco Scorcher Law - read post for image text

Be it ordained by the People of the City and County of San Francisco as follows:

Section 1. It shall be unlawful for any person to ride or drive any bicycle … at a rate of speed faster than six (6) miles an hour.

Section 2. It shall be unlawful for any person to ride or drive any such vehicle upon or along any public street unless the feet of the person riding or driving the same shall be kept upon the pedals thereof at all times while such vehicle is in motion; the practice of “scorching” or “coasting” is hereby prohibited.

Section 3. It shall be unlawful for any person to ride or drive any such vehicle along the sidewalk of any public street.

Section 4. Every person riding or driving any such vehicle upon or along any public street shall keep to the right of the center of the roadway when approaching or passing other vehicles.

Section 5. Any person who shall violate … this Ordinance … shall be punished by a fine not to exceed five hundred (500) dollars….

Note: $500 in 1903 is worth about $12,000 today.

Image from Eric Fischer, who collects all kinds of interesting data and history about San Francisco Bay Area transportation. Via Jym Dyer, who bought the domain scorcher.org after he fell in love with the word ‘scorcher.’

Carlton Reid drives a car!

Carlton Reid has been a cycling journalist for over twenty years and today publishes BikeBiz, a bike industry trade journal. I’ve never seen him in a car until I saw his Kickstarter video for this new book Roads Were Not Built for Cars.



Cyclists already know that early roads were paved at the behest of cyclists. Carlton reveals even more connections between driving and cycling, showing, for example, that early car enthusiasts such as Karl Benz and Charles Stewart Rolls (of Rolls Royce) were also avid cyclists. He writes that even Henry Ford was known for biking to work as he developed his Model T, no doubt thinking there’s got to be a way to show up to the office without getting covered in road grime and sweat.

Carlton is English and the prices for his Kickstarter campaign are in Pounds Sterling, but Kickstarter will convert UK currency into American dollars for us Yankees. He’s already met his fundraising goal, but supporter perks are still available for the project. Carlton spends almost as time in America as in the UK, and he covers American road history at least as well as he does of his home country in this two-year long project.

Go here to learn more and support Roads Were Not Built for Cars.

A bike plan from 1980

Dawn in Seattle dug up this gem from 1980: a technical report for the US Department of Transportation covering Bicycle Transportation for Energy Conservation [135 page PDF]

Some highlights:

  • The abstract says: “The study determined that 470,000 people commuted by bicycle in 1975….” That was 0.6% of the working population in 1975. In 2011, the US Census estimates 0.6% of the workforce commuted by bike. That’s zero percent change in nearly 40 years!
  • A reasonable goal for 1985 would be for an additional 1.5 million to 2.5 million bicycle commuters, with a 50-100% increase in other bicycle travel. If this goal is reached, it will result in a total energy savings of 16.4 to 23.5 million barrels per year by 1985.” Americans today burn about 20 million barrels of petroleum (of which 8 million barrels are gasoline) per day.
  • The study was prepared by Katie Moran for a group called the “Mountain Bicyclists’ Association” of Denver, Colorado. The address is 1290 Williams Street, which is right across from Cheeseman Park. Does anybody know anything about this group. Is Ms Moran still active in cycling advocacy?
  • This paper very much takes a vehicular cycling approach, criticizing facilities — especially side paths and other separated facilities — as appropriate only for newbies.
  • Check out this text from the National Energy Conservation Policy Act of 1979:

    The Congress recognizes that bicycles are the most efficient means of transportation, represent a viable commuting alternative to many people, offer mobility at speeds as fast as that of cars in urban areas, provide health benefits through daily exercise, reduce noise and air pollution, are relatively inexpensive, and deserve consideration in a comprehensive national energy plan.

    Not more than one year after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary of Transportation shall complete a study of the energy conservation of potential bicycle transportation, determine institutional, legal, physical, and personal obstacles to increased bicycle use, establish a target for bicycle use in commuting, and develop a comprehensive program to meet these goals. In developing the program, consideration should be given to educational programs, federal demonstrations, planning grants, and construction grants. The Secretary of Transportation shall submit a report to the President and to Congress containing the results of such a study.”

This paper is the background for that report prepared for the Department of Transportation.

Today in history: An improved method of extracting gasoline from petroleum

William Merriam Burton patent for cracking gasoline from petroleum

On this day in 1913, the US Patent Office awarded patent number 1,049,667 to chemist William Merriam Burton. Burton and his team developed his improved method of extracting gasoline from crude oil at the Standard Oil Refinery in Whiting, Indiana.

In his patent application, Dr. Burton writes, “The great and growing demand during the past ten years for gasolene [sic] has induced a large increase in the supply by improvements in the method of distilling from crude petroleum the naphthas. This leaves the illuminating oils … and the lubricating oils and waxes and, as residue, fuel oil and gas oil.

“The increasing demand for gasolene has induced attempts to obtain it from this residue.”

In 1912, Standard Oil of Indiana opened its first gasoline station in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Henry Ford’s Model T was just beginning to take off in popularity, and Burton’s production forecasts predicted his supply could not possibly meet the new demand. He assembled a team of chemists and engineers to develop a process using steam to “crack” petroleum — that is, breaking the heavy hydrocarbon molecules down to lighter molecules such as the components of gasoline.

Burton’s work was a great improvement over the then extant Shukhov process, and doubled the yield of gasoline from crude. Although catalytic cracking superseded Burton’s steam cracking after World War 2, Patent 1,049,667 today is seen as among the more important developments in petroleum engineering. Five years after this patent was awarded, Burton became president of a post-breakup Standard Oil of Indiana.

In 1984, Burton was inducted into the US Department of Commerce’s National Inventors Hall of Fame. In their biography of William Burton, British Petroleum notes that “Burton may be gone, but his vision still fuels the American economy.”